Update out.md
Signed-off-by: David Rotermund <54365609+davrot@users.noreply.github.com>
This commit is contained in:
David Rotermund
GitHub
parent
1c8f1b5370
commit
bf91674aaa
1 changed files with 144 additions and 144 deletions
|
|
@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
|
|||
<span style="color:#FFFFCC"> __Topic \#1__ </span> <span style="color:#FFCC00"> __Advanced__ </span> <span style="color:#FFCC00"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#FFCC00"> __Programming__ </span> <span style="color:#FFCC00"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#FFCC00"> __Concepts__ </span>
|
||||
# Topic #1: Advanced Programming Concepts
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Type annotations
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __Type __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __annotations__ </span>
|
||||
**What is it ?**
|
||||
|
||||
__What__ __ __ __is__ __ __ __it__ __?__
|
||||
Type annotations specify which type a variable is.
|
||||
|
||||
Type annotations specify which type a variable is\.It‘s <span style="color:#C00000">optional</span> \, but <span style="color:#C00000">very</span> <span style="color:#C00000"> </span> <span style="color:#C00000">useful</span> \!
|
||||
It‘s **optional**, but **very useful**!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
__What__ __ __ __is__ __ __ __it__ __ __ __good__ __ __ __for__ __?__
|
||||
What is it good for ?
|
||||
|
||||
PEP 484 – Type Hints \(29\-Sep\-2014\):
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> _“This _ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> _PEP aims to provide a standard syntax for type annotations\, opening up Python code to easier static analysis and refactoring\, potential runtime type checking\, and \(perhaps\, in some contexts\) code generation utilizing type information_ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> _\._ </span>
|
||||
_“This _ _PEP aims to provide a standard syntax for type annotations\, opening up Python code to easier static analysis and refactoring\, potential runtime type checking\, and \(perhaps\, in some contexts\) code generation utilizing type information_ _\._
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> _Of _ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> _these goals\, static analysis is the most important\. This includes support for off\-line type checkers such as _ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> _mypy_ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> _\, as well as providing a standard notation that can be used by IDEs for code completion and refactoring_ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> _\._ </span>
|
||||
_Of _ _these goals\, static analysis is the most important\. This includes support for off\-line type checkers such as _ _mypy_ _\, as well as providing a standard notation that can be used by IDEs for code completion and refactoring_ _\._
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> _\[…\]_ </span>
|
||||
_\[…\]_
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> _It _ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> _should also be emphasized that Python will remain a dynamically typed language\, and the authors have no desire to ever make type hints mandatory\, even by convention_ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> _\.”_ </span>
|
||||
_It _ _should also be emphasized that Python will remain a dynamically typed language\, and the authors have no desire to ever make type hints mandatory\, even by convention_ _\.”_
|
||||
|
||||
__David’s redefinition:__
|
||||
David’s redefinition:
|
||||
|
||||
It is a part of your <span style="color:#C00000">automatic documentation </span> \(like with meaningful variable names\)\. If another person gets your source code they understand it easier\.
|
||||
It is a part of your automatic documentation \(like with meaningful variable names\)\. If another person gets your source code they understand it easier\.
|
||||
|
||||
Your <span style="color:#C00000">editor might thank you</span> \. Do to some new features in Python 3\.10\, the modern editors that do syntax highlighting and error checking have a harder time to infer what you mean\. The more it need to think about what you mean\, the slower your editor might get or even fail to show you syntax highlighting\.
|
||||
Your editor might thank you \. Do to some new features in Python 3\.10\, the modern editors that do syntax highlighting and error checking have a harder time to infer what you mean\. The more it need to think about what you mean\, the slower your editor might get or even fail to show you syntax highlighting\.
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">Static </span> <span style="color:#C00000">code analysis is really helpful</span> \. It showed me any problems ahead that I would have figured out the hard way otherwise\.
|
||||
Static code analysis is really helpful \. It showed me any problems ahead that I would have figured out the hard way otherwise\.
|
||||
|
||||
Packages like the just\-in\-time compiler <span style="color:#C00000">numba</span> <span style="color:#C00000"> can produce better results </span> if you can tell it what the variables are\.
|
||||
Packages like the just\-in\-time compiler numba can produce better results if you can tell it what the variables are\.
|
||||
|
||||
__When__ __ __ __and__ __ __ __how__ __ do __ __we__ __ do __ __it__ __?__
|
||||
When and how do we do it ?
|
||||
|
||||
…mostly when we introduce new variables or define functions or classes:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,103 +54,103 @@ Variables with different types:
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
__Functions__ __\, __ __more__ __ __ __complex__ __ __ __types__ __…__
|
||||
Functions \, more complex types …
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __More __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __information__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __:__ </span>
|
||||
More information :
|
||||
|
||||
[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/python\_basics/python\_typing](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/python_typing/)[/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/python_typing/)
|
||||
|
||||
__What__ __ __ __is__ __ a __ __class__ __?__
|
||||
What is a class ?
|
||||
|
||||
A class is a <span style="color:#0070C0"> __container__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __for__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __data__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ \(__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __attributes__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\)__ </span> and <span style="color:#0070C0"> __functions__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ \(__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __methods__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\)__ </span> \. They bundle properties of ‚objects‘ and actions that can be performed with/on them\.
|
||||
A class is a container for data \( attributes \) and functions \( methods \) \. They bundle properties of ‚objects‘ and actions that can be performed with/on them\.
|
||||
|
||||
Classes help to <span style="color:#0070C0"> __modularize__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __and__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __organize__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __your__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __code__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> even more than functions\.
|
||||
Classes help to modularize and organize your code even more than functions\.
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __Class __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __hierarchies__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> are useful for re\-using code which is common for different ‚objects‘
|
||||
Class hierarchies are useful for re\-using code which is common for different ‚objects‘
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __Dataclasses__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> are specific classes in Python intended to represent data that ‚belongs together‘\.
|
||||
Dataclasses are specific classes in Python intended to represent data that ‚belongs together‘\.
|
||||
|
||||
__Vehicle__ __:__
|
||||
Vehicle :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">wheels</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">int</span>
|
||||
wheels : int
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">speed</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">float</span>
|
||||
speed : float
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">accelerate</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">speed</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">float</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
accelerate \( speed : float \)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">stop</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(\)</span>
|
||||
stop \(\)
|
||||
|
||||
__Bus\(__ __Vehicle__ __\):__
|
||||
Bus\( Vehicle \):
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">passengers</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">int</span>
|
||||
passengers : int
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">routenr</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">int</span>
|
||||
routenr : int
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">intake</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">float</span>
|
||||
intake : float
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">board</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">nrpass</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">int</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
board \( nrpass : int \)
|
||||
|
||||
__Car\(__ __Vehicle__ __\):__
|
||||
Car\( Vehicle \):
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">passengers</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">int</span>
|
||||
passengers : int
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">board</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">nrpass</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">int</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
board \( nrpass : int \)
|
||||
|
||||
__Truck\(__ __Vehicle__ __\):__
|
||||
Truck\( Vehicle \):
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">company</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">str</span>
|
||||
company : str
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">weight</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">float</span>
|
||||
weight : float
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">load</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">weight</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">float</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
load \( weight : float \)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#00B050"> _parent_ </span> <span style="color:#00B050"> _ _ </span> <span style="color:#00B050"> _class_ </span> <span style="color:#00B050"> _ / _ </span> <span style="color:#00B050"> _superclass_ </span>
|
||||
_parent_ _ _ _class_ _ / _ _superclass_
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">wheels</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">int</span>
|
||||
wheels : int
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">speed</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">float</span>
|
||||
speed : float
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">passengers</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">int</span>
|
||||
passengers : int
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">litres</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">float</span>
|
||||
litres : float
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">kwh</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">float</span>
|
||||
kwh : float
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">accelerate</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">speed</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">float</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
accelerate \( speed : float \)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">stop</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(\)</span>
|
||||
stop \(\)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">board</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">nrpass</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">int</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
board \( nrpass : int \)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">fill</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">litres</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">float</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
fill \( litres : float \)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">charge</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">kwh</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">float</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
charge \( kwh : float \)
|
||||
|
||||
__Electric__ __\(Car\):__
|
||||
Electric \(Car\):
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">kwh</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">float</span>
|
||||
kwh : float
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">charge</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">kwh</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">float</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
charge \( kwh : float \)
|
||||
|
||||
__Petrol\(Car\):__
|
||||
Petrol\(Car\):
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000">litres</span> <span style="color:#C00000">: </span> <span style="color:#C00000">float</span>
|
||||
litres : float
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#1233AE">fill</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\(</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">litres</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">: </span> <span style="color:#1233AE">float</span> <span style="color:#1233AE">\)</span>
|
||||
fill \( litres : float \)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#00B050"> _child_ </span> <span style="color:#00B050"> _ _ </span> <span style="color:#00B050"> _class_ </span> <span style="color:#00B050"> _ / _ </span> <span style="color:#00B050"> _subclass_ </span>
|
||||
_child_ _ _ _class_ _ / _ _subclass_
|
||||
|
||||
__Hybrid\(Petrol\, __ __Electric__ __\):__
|
||||
Hybrid\(Petrol\, Electric \):
|
||||
|
||||
b\) Including and setting attributes \(variables\):
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C00000"> __please__ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __don‘t__ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __initialize__ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __ in __ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __attribute__ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __section__ </span> <span style="color:#C00000"> __\!__ </span>
|
||||
please don‘t initialize in attribute section \!
|
||||
|
||||
a\) Defining and instantiating a class:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -170,53 +170,53 @@ c\) multiple inheritance
|
|||
|
||||
There are special methods for certain purposes:
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\___ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __init__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\_: __ </span> called always when a class is instantiated\. Good for initalizing and setting up a meaningful state for a class instance\.
|
||||
\_\_ init \_\_: called always when a class is instantiated\. Good for initalizing and setting up a meaningful state for a class instance\.
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\___ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __str__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\_: __ </span> called by <span style="color:#0070C0"> __str__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\(object\)__ </span> and the built\-in functions <span style="color:#0070C0"> __format\(\)__ </span> and <span style="color:#0070C0"> __print\(\) __ </span> to compute the “informal” or nicely printable string representation of an object\. See also <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\___ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __repr__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\_ __ </span> for the built\-in function <span style="color:#0070C0"> __repr__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\(\)__ </span> \.
|
||||
\_\_ str \_\_: called by str \(object\) and the built\-in functions format\(\) and print\(\) to compute the “informal” or nicely printable string representation of an object\. See also \_\_ repr \_\_ for the built\-in function repr \(\) \.
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __super\(\): __ </span> refers to the parent class\. Good to call functions from that class\. __Example:__
|
||||
super\(\): refers to the parent class\. Good to call functions from that class\. Example:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __More __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __information__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __:__ </span>
|
||||
More information :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#000000">[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/python\_basics/class](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/class/)</span> <span style="color:#000000">[/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/class/)</span>
|
||||
[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/python\_basics/class](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/class/) [/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/class/)
|
||||
|
||||
The __dat__ __a__ __class__ is very similar to normal classes\, but it requires __type __ __annotations__ __ __ thus serving a good programming style\. You have to <span style="color:#0070C0"> __import__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __from__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __dataclasses__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> and use a decorator <span style="color:#0070C0"> __@__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __dataclass__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> when you define a dataclass:
|
||||
The dat a class is very similar to normal classes\, but it requires type annotations thus serving a good programming style\. You have to import from dataclasses and use a decorator @ dataclass when you define a dataclass:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#FF0000"> __there__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ will __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __be__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ an __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __error__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __without__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __these__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __annotations__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __\!__ </span>
|
||||
there will be an error without these annotations \!
|
||||
|
||||
__A __ __dataclass__ __ __ __has__ __ an __ __automatic__ __ \_\___ __init__ __\_\_\(\) __ __method__ __ __ __which__ __ __ __can__ __ __ __be__ __ __ __used__ __ __ __to__ __ __ __populate__ __ __ __the__ __ __ __attributes__ __…__
|
||||
A dataclass has an automatic \_\_ init \_\_\(\) method which can be used to populate the attributes …
|
||||
|
||||
__Further Features I__
|
||||
Further Features I
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __default\_factory__ </span> can be used to specify automatic generation of default values\.
|
||||
default\_factory can be used to specify automatic generation of default values\.
|
||||
|
||||
TestClassA\(name=''\, number\_of\_electrodes=0\, dt=0\.0\, sample\_rate\_in\_hz=0\.0\)
|
||||
|
||||
__Further Features I__
|
||||
Further Features I
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#FF0000">defaults</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">can</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> also </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">be</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">specified</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> in </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">the</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">class</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">definiton</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> \(</span> <span style="color:#FF0000">please</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> do not do </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">this</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">to</span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> </span> <span style="color:#FF0000">mutables</span> <span style="color:#FF0000">\!\)</span>
|
||||
defaults can also be specified in the class definiton \( please do not do this to mutables \!\)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#00B050">attributes</span> <span style="color:#00B050"> </span> <span style="color:#00B050">can</span> <span style="color:#00B050"> </span> <span style="color:#00B050">be</span> <span style="color:#00B050"> </span> <span style="color:#00B050">spared</span> <span style="color:#00B050"> </span> <span style="color:#00B050">from</span> <span style="color:#00B050"> </span> <span style="color:#00B050">initialization</span>
|
||||
attributes can be spared from initialization
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#990099">attributes</span> <span style="color:#990099"> </span> <span style="color:#990099">can</span> <span style="color:#990099"> </span> <span style="color:#990099">explicitly</span> <span style="color:#990099"> </span> <span style="color:#990099">be</span> <span style="color:#990099"> </span> <span style="color:#990099">specified</span> <span style="color:#990099"> </span> <span style="color:#990099">as</span> <span style="color:#990099"> </span> <span style="color:#990099">keywords</span>
|
||||
attributes can explicitly be specified as keywords
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\___ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __post\_init__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\_\(\) __ </span> if you have to do some init of your own…
|
||||
\_\_ post\_init \_\_\(\) if you have to do some init of your own…
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\___ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __str__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\_\_\(\) __ </span> for a nice printout\!
|
||||
\_\_ str \_\_\(\) for a nice printout\!
|
||||
|
||||
__Why__ __ __ __dataclasses__ __?__
|
||||
Why dataclasses ?
|
||||
|
||||
putting data together into meaningful containers…
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ appropriate type handling…
|
|||
|
||||
versatile and safe initialization methods…
|
||||
|
||||
__makes__ __ __ __comparing__ __ __ __data__ __ __ __sets__ __ easy…\!__
|
||||
makes comparing data sets easy…\!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -234,13 +234,13 @@ __makes__ __ __ __comparing__ __ __ __data__ __ __ __sets__ __ easy…\!_
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
__…__ __compare__ __ __ __everything__
|
||||
… compare everything
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __More __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __information__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __:__ </span>
|
||||
More information :
|
||||
|
||||
[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/python\_basics/dataclass](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/dataclass/)[/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/dataclass/)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __Catch __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __me__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __if__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __you__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __can__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __\!__ </span>
|
||||
Catch me if you can \!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -262,53 +262,53 @@ Assert checks if a condition is true\. If not\, it issues and error and stops pr
|
|||
|
||||
Use it often to make your code safe to use\, or to discover inconsistencies in input data\!
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C586C0">import</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">numpy</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">as</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">np</span>
|
||||
import numpy as np
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#569CD6">def</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#DCDCAA">solve\_quadratic</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">: </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">: </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">c</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">: </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\) \-> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">tuple</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\[</span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\]:</span>
|
||||
def solve\_quadratic \( a : float \, b : float \, c : float \) \-> tuple \[ float \, float \]:
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">assert</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#DCDCAA">isinstance</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)\, </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">argument</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> 'a' must </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">be</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">float</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">\!"</span>
|
||||
assert isinstance \( a \, float \)\, " argument 'a' must be float \!"
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">assert</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#DCDCAA">isinstance</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)\, </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">argument</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> 'b' must </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">be</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">float</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">\!"</span>
|
||||
assert isinstance \( b \, float \)\, " argument 'b' must be float \!"
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">assert</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#DCDCAA">isinstance</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">c</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)\, </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">argument</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> 'c' must </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">be</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">float</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">\!"</span>
|
||||
assert isinstance \( c \, float \)\, " argument 'c' must be float \!"
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">assert</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\!=</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">0</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">argument</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> a must </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">be</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> non\-zero\, </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">otherwise</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">it's</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> not a </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">quadratic</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">equation</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">\!"</span>
|
||||
assert a \!= 0 \, " argument a must be non\-zero\, otherwise it's not a quadratic equation \!"
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">sqrt\_arg</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">=</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">4</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">c</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\+</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*\*</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span>
|
||||
sqrt\_arg = \- 4 \* a \* c \+ b \*\* 2
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">assert</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">sqrt\_arg</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">>=</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">0</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">root</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">argument</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> must </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">be</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> positive </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">for</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> non\-</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">imaginary</span> <span style="color:#CE9178"> </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">solutions</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">\!"</span>
|
||||
assert sqrt\_arg >= 0 \, " root argument must be positive for non\- imaginary solutions \!"
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">x1</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">=</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> \(</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\+</span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">np</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\.</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">sqrt</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">4</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">c</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\+</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*\*</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">/</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span>
|
||||
x1 = \( \+ np \. sqrt \( \- 4 \* a \* c \+ b \*\* 2 \) \- b \) / 2 \* a
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">x2</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">=</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> \(</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">np</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\.</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">sqrt</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">4</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">c</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\+</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*\*</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">/</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span>
|
||||
x2 = \( \- np \. sqrt \( \- 4 \* a \* c \+ b \*\* 2 \) \- b \) / 2 \* a
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">return</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">x1</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">x2</span>
|
||||
return x1 \, x2
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C586C0">import</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">numpy</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">as</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">np</span>
|
||||
import numpy as np
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#569CD6">def</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#DCDCAA">solve\_quadratic</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">: </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">: </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">c</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">: </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\) \-> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">tuple</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\[</span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">float</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\]:</span>
|
||||
def solve\_quadratic \( a : float \, b : float \, c : float \) \-> tuple \[ float \, float \]:
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">x1</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">=</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> \(</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\+</span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">np</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\.</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">sqrt</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">4</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">c</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\+</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*\*</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">/</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span>
|
||||
x1 = \( \+ np \. sqrt \( \- 4 \* a \* c \+ b \*\* 2 \) \- b \) / 2 \* a
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">x2</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">=</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> \(</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">np</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\.</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">sqrt</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">4</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">c</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\+</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*\*</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\-</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">b</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">/</span> <span style="color:#B5CEA8">2</span> <span style="color:#D4D4D4">\*</span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">a</span>
|
||||
x2 = \( \- np \. sqrt \( \- 4 \* a \* c \+ b \*\* 2 \) \- b \) / 2 \* a
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">return</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">x1</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">x2</span>
|
||||
return x1 \, x2
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#DCDCAA">solve\_quadratic</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"A"</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"B"</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\, </span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"C"</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span>
|
||||
solve\_quadratic \( "A" \, "B" \, "C" \)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Assert is better than if and exception thrown by hand, since ist shorter and ist immediately clear without adding a comment that some checking is performed…
|
||||
|
||||
__Try … __ __Except__ __ … Else … __ __Finally__ __ …__
|
||||
Try … Except … Else … Finally …
|
||||
|
||||
Errors need not terminate your program\. Each error raises an exception\, and you can catch that exception and handle it properly\!
|
||||
|
||||
__Example__ __ __ __for__ __ different __ __exceptions__ __…__
|
||||
Example for different exceptions …
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
__…__ __and__ __ __ __example__ __ __ __for__ __ __ __handling__ __ an __ __exception__ __ __ __nicely__ __:__
|
||||
… and example for handling an exception nicely :
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -316,69 +316,69 @@ try this piece of code…
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C586C0">for</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">i</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">in</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">range</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">n\_files</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\):</span>
|
||||
i in range \( n\_files \):
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">try</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">:</span>
|
||||
try :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# open file\[</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">i</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\] for read</span>
|
||||
\# open file\[i\] for read
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# read neural activity into temp array</span>
|
||||
\# read neural activity into temp array
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# normalize temp array by its sum</span>
|
||||
\# normalize temp array by its sum
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">except</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">OSError</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">:</span>
|
||||
except OSError :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# assign None to data\[</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">i</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\]</span>
|
||||
\# assign None to data\[i\]
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">else</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">:</span>
|
||||
else :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# assign temp array to data\[</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">i</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\] </span>
|
||||
\# assign temp array to data\[i\]
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">finally</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">:</span>
|
||||
finally :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# close file if open</span>
|
||||
\# close file if open
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#DCDCAA">print</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"Successfully read existing data files\.\.\."</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span>
|
||||
print \( "Successfully read existing data files\.\.\." \)
|
||||
|
||||
… __if__ __ __ __the__ __ __ __specified__ __ __ __exception__ __ __ __occurred__ \, execute this piece of code __\(‚__ __error__ __ __ __handling__ __‘\)__ …
|
||||
… if the specified exception occurred \, execute this piece of code \(‚ error handling ‘\) …
|
||||
|
||||
… __otherwise__ \, execute this piece of code\. You can put code here which runs only correctly when the exception did not occur…
|
||||
… otherwise \, execute this piece of code\. You can put code here which runs only correctly when the exception did not occur…
|
||||
|
||||
… __in __ __any__ __ __ __case__ \, execute this piece of code\, irrespectively of errors having occurred/not occurred __\(‚clean\-__ __up__ __‘\)__ \. When an unhandled exception occurred\, execution stop after this code\!
|
||||
… in any case \, execute this piece of code\, irrespectively of errors having occurred/not occurred \(‚clean\- up ‘\) \. When an unhandled exception occurred\, execution stop after this code\!
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#990099"> __division__ </span> <span style="color:#990099"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#990099"> __by__ </span> <span style="color:#990099"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#990099"> __zero__ </span> <span style="color:#990099"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#990099"> __occurs__ </span> <span style="color:#990099"> __\!__ </span>
|
||||
division by zero occurs \!
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __everything__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __is__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ okay\!__ </span>
|
||||
everything is okay\!
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#FF0000"> __file__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __does__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ not __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __exist__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __\, __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __or__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __is__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __corrupt__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __\!__ </span>
|
||||
file does not exist \, or is corrupt \!
|
||||
|
||||
__General form\, __ __example__ __:__
|
||||
General form\, example :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#C586C0">for</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#9CDCFE">i</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">in</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">range</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">n\_files</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\):</span>
|
||||
i in range \( n\_files \):
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">try</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">:</span>
|
||||
try :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# open file\[</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">i</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\] for read</span>
|
||||
\# open file\[i\] for read
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# read neural activity into temp array</span>
|
||||
\# read neural activity into temp array
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# normalize temp array by its sum</span>
|
||||
\# normalize temp array by its sum
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">except</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#4EC9B0">OSError</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">:</span>
|
||||
except OSError :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# assign None to data\[</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">i</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\]</span>
|
||||
\# assign None to data\[i\]
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">else</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">:</span>
|
||||
else :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# assign temp array to data\[</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">i</span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\] </span>
|
||||
\# assign temp array to data\[i\]
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#C586C0">finally</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">:</span>
|
||||
finally :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#CCCCCC"> </span> <span style="color:#6A9955">\# close file if open</span>
|
||||
\# close file if open
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#DCDCAA">print</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\(</span> <span style="color:#CE9178">"Successfully read existing data files\.\.\."</span> <span style="color:#CCCCCC">\)</span>
|
||||
print \( "Successfully read existing data files\.\.\." \)
|
||||
|
||||
__Possible__ __ __ __exceptions__ __…__
|
||||
Possible exceptions …
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -388,31 +388,31 @@ __Possible__ __ __ __exceptions__ __…__
|
|||
|
||||
…and you can define your own\!
|
||||
|
||||
__Exceptions__ __ __ __have__ __ __ __associated__ __ __ __information__ __ in __ __their__ __ __ __attributes__
|
||||
Exceptions have associated information in their attributes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
__Raising__ __ __ __exceptions__
|
||||
Raising exceptions
|
||||
|
||||
…or a __newly__ __ __ __defined__ __ __ __exception__ …
|
||||
…or a newly defined exception …
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When you determine that something goes wrong\, you can yourself raise an exception…
|
||||
|
||||
…either a __matching__ __\, __ __predefined__ __ __ __one__
|
||||
…either a matching \, predefined one
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __Using__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __the__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __ __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __debugger__ </span>
|
||||
Using the debugger
|
||||
|
||||
The VSCode debugger lets you follow\, monitor\, and manipulate the execution of program code…
|
||||
|
||||
__Examples__ __ __ __of__ __ __ __actions__ __ __ __possible__ __:__
|
||||
Examples of actions possible :
|
||||
|
||||
step over\, step in\, step out
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -426,13 +426,13 @@ monitoring
|
|||
|
||||
…
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#FF0000"> __Interactive __ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __demonstration__ </span> <span style="color:#FF0000"> __…__ </span>
|
||||
Interactive demonstration …
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#0070C0"> __More __ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __information__ </span> <span style="color:#0070C0"> __:__ </span>
|
||||
More information :
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#000000">[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/workflow/vscode\_debug](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/workflow/vscode_debug/)</span> <span style="color:#000000">[/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/workflow/vscode_debug/)</span>
|
||||
[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/workflow/vscode\_debug](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/workflow/vscode_debug/) [/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/workflow/vscode_debug/)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#000000">[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/python\_basics/exceptions](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/exceptions/)</span> <span style="color:#000000">[/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/exceptions/)</span>
|
||||
[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/python\_basics/exceptions](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/exceptions/) [/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/exceptions/)
|
||||
|
||||
<span style="color:#000000">[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/python\_basics/assert](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/assert/)</span> <span style="color:#000000">[/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/assert/)</span>
|
||||
[https://davrot\.github\.io/pytutorial/python\_basics/assert](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/assert/) [/](https://davrot.github.io/pytutorial/python_basics/assert/)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue