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@ -117,7 +117,8 @@ Questions to [David Rotermund](mailto:davrot@uni-bremen.de)
> The modules described in this chapter support data compression with the zlib, gzip, bzip2 and lzma algorithms, and the creation of ZIP- and tar-format archives. See also Archiving operations provided by the shutil module.
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|zlib | Compression compatible with gzip​|
|gzip | Support for gzip files​|
@ -126,5 +127,155 @@ Questions to [David Rotermund](mailto:davrot@uni-bremen.de)
|zipfile | Work with ZIP archives​|
|tarfile | Read and write tar archive files|
## [File Formats](https://docs.python.org/3/library/fileformats.html)
> The modules described in this chapter parse various miscellaneous file formats that aren’t markup languages and are not related to e-mail.
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|csv | CSV File Reading and Writing​|
|configparser | Configuration file parser​|
|netrc | netrc file processing​|
|xdrlib | Encode and decode XDR data​|
|plistlib | Generate and parse Apple .plist files|
## [Cryptographic Services​](​https://docs.python.org/3/library/crypto.html)
> The modules described in this chapter implement various algorithms of a cryptographic nature. They are available at the discretion of the installation. On Unix systems, the crypt module may also be available.
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|hashlib | Secure hashes and message digests​|
|hmac | Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication​|
|secrets | Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets​|
## [Generic Operating System Services​](https://docs.python.org/3/library/allos.html​)
> The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces, but they are available on most other systems as well.
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|**[os](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html)** | **Miscellaneous operating system interfaces​** |
|io | Core tools for working with streams​|
|**[time](https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html)** | **Time access and conversions​**|
|argparse | Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands​|
|getopt | C-style parser for command line options​|
|**[logging](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html)** | **Logging facility for Python​**|
|logging.config | Logging configuration​|
|logging.handlers | Logging handlers​|
|**[getpass](https://docs.python.org/3/library/getpass.html)** | **Portable password input​**|
|curses | Terminal handling for character-cell displays​|
|curses.textpad | Text input widget for curses programs​|
|curses.ascii | Utilities for ASCII characters​|
|curses.panel | A panel stack extension for curses​|
|platform | Access to underlying platform’s identifying data​|
|errno | Standard errno system symbols​|
|ctypes | A foreign function library for Python|
## [Concurrent Execution](https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrency.html)
> The modules described in this chapter provide support for concurrent execution of code. The appropriate choice of tool will depend on the task to be executed (CPU bound vs IO bound) and preferred style of development (event driven cooperative multitasking vs preemptive multitasking).
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|threading | Thread-based parallelism​|
|**[multiprocessing](https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html)** | **Process-based parallelism​**|
|multiprocessing.shared_memory | Provides shared memory for direct access across processes​|
|concurrent.futures | Launching parallel tasks​|
|subprocess | Subprocess management​|
|sched | Event scheduler​|
|**[queue](https://docs.python.org/3/library/queue.html)** | **A synchronized queue class​**|
|contextvars | Context Variables​|
|_thread | Low-level threading API|
## [Networking and Interprocess Communication](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ipc.html)
> The modules described in this chapter provide mechanisms for networking and inter-processes communication.​
> Some modules only work for two processes that are on the same machine, e.g. signal and mmap. Other modules support networking protocols that two or more processes can use to communicate across machines.​
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|---|---|
|asyncio | Asynchronous I/O​|
|socket | Low-level networking interface​|
|ssl | TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects​|
|select | Waiting for I/O completion​|
|selectors | High-level I/O multiplexing​|
|asyncore | Asynchronous socket handler​|
|asynchat | Asynchronous socket command/response handler​|
|signal | Set handlers for asynchronous events​|
|mmap | Memory-mapped file support|
## [Internet Data Handling​](https://docs.python.org/3/library/netdata.html)
> This chapter describes modules which support handling data formats commonly used on the Internet.
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|email | An email and MIME handling package​|
|**[json](https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html)** | **JSON encoder and decoder**​|
|mailcap | Mailcap file handling​|
|mailbox | Manipulate mailboxes in various formats​|
|mimetypes | Map filenames to MIME types​|
|base64 | Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings​|
|binhex | Encode and decode binhex4 files​|
|binascii | Convert between binary and ASCII​|
|quopri | Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data​|
## [Structured Markup Processing Tools](https://docs.python.org/3/library/markup.html)
> Python supports a variety of modules to work with various forms of structured data markup. This includes modules to work with the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and several interfaces for working with the Extensible Markup Language (XML).
​
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|html | HyperText Markup Language support​|
|html.parser | Simple HTML and XHTML parser​|
|html.entities | Definitions of HTML general entities​|
|xml.etree.ElementTree | The ElementTree XML API​|
|xml.dom | The Document Object Model API​|
|xml.dom.minidom | Minimal DOM implementation​|
|xml.dom.pulldom | Support for building partial DOM trees​|
|xml.sax | Support for SAX2 parsers​|
|xml.sax.handler | Base classes for SAX handlers​|
|xml.sax.saxutils | SAX Utilities​|
|xml.sax.xmlreader | Interface for XML parsers​|
|xml.parsers.expat | Fast XML parsing using Expat|
​
## [Internet Protocols and Support​](https://docs.python.org/3/library/internet.html)
> The modules described in this chapter implement Internet protocols and support for related technology. They are all implemented in Python. Most of these modules require the presence of the system-dependent module socket, which is currently supported on most popular platforms.
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|---|---|
|webbrowser | Convenient Web-browser controller​|
|cgi | Common Gateway Interface support​|
|cgitb | Traceback manager for CGI scripts​|
|wsgiref | WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation​|
|urllib | URL handling modules​|
|urllib.request | Extensible library for opening URLs​|
|urllib.response | Response classes used by urllib​|
|urllib.parse | Parse URLs into components​|
|urllib.error | Exception classes raised by urllib.request​|
|urllib.robotparser | Parser for robots.txt​|
|http | HTTP modules​|
|http.client | HTTP protocol client​|
|ftplib | FTP protocol client|
|poplib | POP3 protocol client|​
|imaplib | IMAP4 protocol client​|
|nntplib | NNTP protocol client​|
|smtplib | SMTP protocol client​|
|smtpd | SMTP Server​|
|telnetlib | Telnet client​|
|uuid | UUID objects according to RFC 4122​|
|socketserver | A framework for network servers​|
|http.server | HTTP servers​|
|http.cookies | HTTP state management​|
|http.cookiejar | Cookie handling for HTTP clients​|
|xmlrpc | XMLRPC server and client modules​|
|xmlrpc.client | XML-RPC client access​|
|xmlrpc.server | Basic XML-RPC servers​|
|ipaddress | IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library|