|rlcompleter | Completion function for GNU readline|
## [Binary Data Services](https://docs.python.org/3/library/binary.html)
> The modules described in this chapter provide some basic services operations for manipulation of binary data. Other operations on binary data, specifically in relation to file formats and network protocols, are described in the relevant sections.
> The modules described in this chapter provide a variety of specialized data types such as dates and times, fixed-type arrays, heap queues, double-ended queues, and enumerations.
## [Numeric and Mathematical Modules](https://docs.python.org/3/library/numeric.html)
> The modules described in this chapter provide numeric and math-related functions and data types. The numbers module defines an abstract hierarchy of numeric types. The math and cmath modules contain various mathematical functions for floating-point and complex numbers. The decimal module supports exact representations of decimal numbers, using arbitrary precision arithmetic.
> The modules described in this chapter provide functions and classes that support a functional programming style, and general operations on callables.
|||
|---|---|
|itertools | Functions creating iterators for efficient looping|
|**[functools](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html)** | **Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects**|
|**[operator](https://docs.python.org/3/library/operator.html)** | **Standard operators as functions**|
## [File and Directory Access](https://docs.python.org/3/library/filesys.html)
> The modules described in this chapter deal with disk files and directories. For example, there are modules for reading the properties of files, manipulating paths in a portable way, and creating temporary files.
> The modules described in this chapter support storing Python data in a persistent form on disk. The pickle and marshal modules can turn many Python data types into a stream of bytes and then recreate the objects from the bytes. The various DBM-related modules support a family of hash-based file formats that store a mapping of strings to other strings.
|sqlite3 | DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases|
## [Data Compression and Archiving](https://docs.python.org/3/library/archiving.html)
> The modules described in this chapter support data compression with the zlib, gzip, bzip2 and lzma algorithms, and the creation of ZIP- and tar-format archives. See also Archiving operations provided by the shutil module.
> The modules described in this chapter implement various algorithms of a cryptographic nature. They are available at the discretion of the installation. On Unix systems, the crypt module may also be available.
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|---|---|
|hashlib | Secure hashes and message digests|
|hmac | Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication|
|secrets | Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets|
## [Generic Operating System Services](https://docs.python.org/3/library/allos.html)
> The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces, but they are available on most other systems as well.
|||
|---|---|
|**[os](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html)** | **Miscellaneous operating system interfaces** |
|io | Core tools for working with streams|
|**[time](https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html)** | **Time access and conversions**|
|argparse | Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands|
|getopt | C-style parser for command line options|
|**[logging](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html)** | **Logging facility for Python**|
> The modules described in this chapter provide support for concurrent execution of code. The appropriate choice of tool will depend on the task to be executed (CPU bound vs IO bound) and preferred style of development (event driven cooperative multitasking vs preemptive multitasking).
## [Networking and Interprocess Communication](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ipc.html)
> The modules described in this chapter provide mechanisms for networking and inter-processes communication.
> Some modules only work for two processes that are on the same machine, e.g. signal and mmap. Other modules support networking protocols that two or more processes can use to communicate across machines.
> Python supports a variety of modules to work with various forms of structured data markup. This includes modules to work with the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and several interfaces for working with the Extensible Markup Language (XML).
|||
|---|---|
|html | HyperText Markup Language support|
|html.parser | Simple HTML and XHTML parser|
|html.entities | Definitions of HTML general entities|
|xml.etree.ElementTree | The ElementTree XML API|
|xml.dom | The Document Object Model API|
|xml.dom.minidom | Minimal DOM implementation|
|xml.dom.pulldom | Support for building partial DOM trees|
|xml.sax | Support for SAX2 parsers|
|xml.sax.handler | Base classes for SAX handlers|
|xml.sax.saxutils | SAX Utilities|
|xml.sax.xmlreader | Interface for XML parsers|
|xml.parsers.expat | Fast XML parsing using Expat|
## [Internet Protocols and Support](https://docs.python.org/3/library/internet.html)
> The modules described in this chapter implement Internet protocols and support for related technology. They are all implemented in Python. Most of these modules require the presence of the system-dependent module socket, which is currently supported on most popular platforms.
|||
|---|---|
|webbrowser | Convenient Web-browser controller|
|cgi | Common Gateway Interface support|
|cgitb | Traceback manager for CGI scripts|
|wsgiref | WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation|
|urllib | URL handling modules|
|urllib.request | Extensible library for opening URLs|
|urllib.response | Response classes used by urllib|
|urllib.parse | Parse URLs into components|
|urllib.error | Exception classes raised by urllib.request|
|urllib.robotparser | Parser for robots.txt|
|http | HTTP modules|
|http.client | HTTP protocol client|
|ftplib | FTP protocol client|
|poplib | POP3 protocol client|
|imaplib | IMAP4 protocol client|
|nntplib | NNTP protocol client|
|smtplib | SMTP protocol client|
|smtpd | SMTP Server|
|telnetlib | Telnet client|
|uuid | UUID objects according to RFC 4122|
|socketserver | A framework for network servers|
|http.server | HTTP servers|
|http.cookies | HTTP state management|
|http.cookiejar | Cookie handling for HTTP clients|
